__The man, the meme, the legend...__ Elon Musk is making crypto headlines (again). Bitcoin surged as much as 20%  to a record high of  $47K yesterday, after Tesla revealed it invested $1.5B in BTC. Tesla also said it'll start accepting the crypto coin as payment for its cars (casual). Tesla's not the first company to get in on Bitcoin, but it's the biggest so far.

- __Last year:__ __[MicroStrategy](https://robinhood.com/stocks/MSTR)__ [poured](https://www.microstrategy.com/en/company/company-videos/microstrategy-announces-over-1b-in-total-bitcoin-purchases-in-2020) $1B+ into Bitcoin, __MassMutual__ invested $100M, and  __[Square](https://robinhood.com/stocks/SQ)__ bought $50M worth of BTC for its corporate portfolio.

__1 BTC = 1 Model Y?...__ Tesla’s move isn't a total shocker: Elon has been a big crypto cheerleader recently, and his Twitter endorsements have been credited with boosting coins like BTC. But why would Tesla's board allow it to pour $1.5B of its $19B cash reserves into a volatile crypto? In PR speak: To “diversify and maximize returns on our cash that is not required to maintain adequate operating liquidity.” Human translation: "We have some extra cash and think it’s a good investment."

- __Diversify:__ While Bitcoin is crash-prone, some see it as a [hedge](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/3LgF2GHrBcJKBJ4WJf1iwx/) in case the US dollar loses too much value and prices soar (aka: inflation). While cash can theoretically be printed endlessly, Bitcoin supply is capped at 21M coins.
- __Maximize:__ Bitcoin has been on a tear, nearly 5X'ing since October (partly because of institutional buying). Tesla's hoping to gain more than it would with a traditional investment (or simply holding cash). If a company feels comfortable with its cash situation, it might place corporate funds in riskier investments — like Tesla just did.

__To go mainstream, a cryptocurrency must pass the "faith & acceptance" test...__ and Tesla's investment just brought Bitcoin closer to that. The US Dollar has value because it's backed by the government and controlled by the Fed. Bitcoin is a decentralized currency (aka: not controlled by a central bank), so it's value lies in people believing it has value. Tesla's latest move is a big vote of confidence: it could inspire other companies to invest and speed up mainstream Bitcoin acceptance. But if BTC crashes and Tesla loses on its investment, then it could have the opposite effect.


The Elon Effect: Bitcoin soars to a record on Tesla's $1.5B investment

__Bitter as Lululemons...__ Barely a year after launching, __Target__'s athleisure line "All In Motion" has hit $1B in annual sales. The private label sells things like sports bras, leggings, and yoga mats (pandemic trifecta). And it's quickly catching up to 23-year-old __Lululemon__, which made $2.3B in sales from January to September 2020. 

__Cutsey generic name (check)...__ Private labels like All In Motion, Good & Gather (food), and Cat & Jack (kid's clothes), are profit puppies for Target. They're not Target-branded, but they're Target-*owned*. Tarjay has launched more than 30 of these brands —  and 10 of them are doing more than $1B/year in sales. Private labels are cheaper to supply than external brands, so the profit margin is usually higher. Especially for private label clothing:

- __Profit margin:__  How many cents of profit a company keeps for each dollar of sales. It costs Target less to make/sell its own pants than buy/sell Levi's, so Target's margin is higher for its own brands.
- __Clothing has higher margins__ than food or home goods (that’s why it's always at the front of the store). Companies can price clothes way higher than what they cost to make (not true for pasta).
- __The Tarjay Way:__ Most All in Motion items cost less than $30. But Target would rather sell those than Lulu fits, since it can keep more of the profit. 


_Tarjay schemes on Lulu_

Stretch

__Big retailers are becoming mini malls...__ And winning a spot on their shelves is becoming more crucial. Retail-pocalypse drove mall staples like J.C. Penney and Neiman Marcus to bankruptcy last year, while the pandemic accelerated retail closures. That's partly why [25%](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/27/25percent-of-us-malls-are-set-to-shut-within-5-years-what-comes-next.html) of US malls are expected to close by 2025. Meanwhile, Target and Walmart are transforming into one-stop-shops for all your needs, from groceries, to home decor, and fashion. That's why __Ulta__, __Levi's__, and __Disney__, have moved into Target – and why __Sephora__ is moving into __Kohl's__. 


 Target’s athleisure line hits $1B in sales (and Lulu needs to watch its back)

Dow Jones

S&P 500

Nasdaq

Bitcoin

🚘  Tesla rides with Bitcoin

__iPhone on wheels...__ but you prob won't need the AUX cord. The iCar has been [rumored](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/5IY3S446M65u2ZfgBIvX73/articles/6bOoypg8HADNs3hUhU4dFv/) since 2015. Just like with the rest of its products, Apple isn't building/assembling it itself. Now we finally know who the manufacturer might be (spoiler: not Tesla). 

- __The news:__ Apple is [reportedly](https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/03/apple-and-hyundai-kia-driving-towards-deal-on-apple-car.html) close to sealing a deal with __Hyundai-Kia__ to make an Apple-branded, fully self-driving electric car. Tentative ETA: 2024. Secretive Apple didn't confirm.
- __The deets:__ The "Apple Car" would be designed in Cupertino... and manufactured at a Kia assembly plant in Georgia. But there's a chance the deal won’t happen.

__2 Fast 2 Furious...__ Apple's first car attempt, "Project Titan," began in 2014 and crashed in 2019. So why is the Fruit trying again? To put it in marketing terms: *the TAM is huge*. Total addressable market =  the total amount of money companies could make selling a specific product/service. 

- __$500B:__ The annual TAM for smartphones. Apple controls more than a 30% share of that, according to Morgan Stanley analyst Katie Huberty. 
- __$10T__: The TAM for global mobility. Apple would need only a 2% share of that market to match the size of its iPhone biz (it made $66B in iPhone sales just last quarter).  


_When you realize Apple Car doesn't allow Spotify_

iCar

__Apple’s not a first mover. *It’s a second shaker*...__ Apple's working on a fully autonomous EV... but a bunch of other companies will probably get there first (Google's __Waymo__, GM's __Cruise__, and Tesla's Tesla are well on their way). But Apple cares more about being the *best* than being the first. __BlackBerry__ came before iPhone, but iPhone won. __Fitbit__ came before Apple Watch, but Apple Watch won. __Bragi__ [made](https://www.theverge.com/2015/1/9/7512829/wireless-earbuds-ces-2015-bragi-dash) the first truly wireless earbuds, but AirPods won. And Tesla came before Apple Car... but Apple doesn't care.

Apple might release a self-driving EV — it's not the first, but could it be the best?

__Mind the gap...__ 2020 highlighted inequality in America, including one key element: the racial wealth gap. A legacy of slavery and discrimination contributes to the massive gap in generational wealth-building. Segregation affected educational and job opportunities for Black Americans. Redlining, a discriminatory practice that discouraged providing loans in areas with large Black communities, stunted Black home ownership. We’re still seeing the effects of those policies today:

- __Wealth:__ The typical white family has [eight times](https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/disparities-in-wealth-by-race-and-ethnicity-in-the-2019-survey-of-consumer-finances-20200928.htm) the wealth of the typical Black family ($188K vs. $24K), and 5X that of a typical Hispanic family. 
- __Ownership:__ Nearly [75%](https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/currenthvspress.pdf) of white Americans owned their homes at the end of 2020, compared with less than half of Black Americans.
- __Income:__ White workers, on average, are paid [more](https://www.epi.org/publication/state-of-american-wages-2018/) than Black and Latino workers at almost every education level.

__Closing the gap...__ is good not only for society, but also for the American economy: Citi [found](https://www.citivelocity.com/citigps/closing-the-racial-inequality-gaps/) that if these financial gaps are closed today, $5T would be added to the economy over the next five years. From 2016 to 2019, median wealth for Black Americans [grew](https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/disparities-in-wealth-by-race-and-ethnicity-in-the-2019-survey-of-consumer-finances-20200928.htm) 33%, compared to 3% for white households. But there’s still much left to be done. 

__Since 2020...__ more companies have started to help, through everything from diversity hiring efforts to educational grants and donations. But many of these corporate initiatives aren’t cash giveaways: *they’re loans and investments*. 

- __JPMorgan Chase__ [pledged](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/6CYbtZgaeQFf8W6pRxaYg0/articles/5APdARhy7BYjqPv9X5dWHs/) $30B over the next five years toward loans for Black, Latino, and underserved communities. __Citi__ dedicated $1B to support home and business loans for communities of color. 
- __Twitter__ is [investing](https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarahhansen/2020/11/12/twitter-joins-netflix-and-paypal-with-commitment-to-invest-in-racial-equality/?sh=6dd7185a71ce) $100M in "community development financial institutions," which are dedicated to providing lending and banking services to low-income, underbanked customers — many of whom are people of color. __Netflix__ launched a similar effort.
- __ServiceNow__ created a $100M racial equity fund to promote more lending within Black communities.


__Equal access to capital is key...__ to narrowing the wealth gap. Homeownership has been one of the greatest contributors to wealth creation for families: the average homeowner in 2019 had a household wealth of [$255K](https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/scf20.pdf), compared to the typical renter, with ~$6K. But Black individuals and communities have traditionally been the most likely to be denied access to capital — and Black families are [still](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/19/lenders-deny-mortgages-for-blacks-at-a-rate-80percent-higher-than-whites.html) much more likely to be denied mortgages. That's why lending to and investing in Black communities is crucial to closing the gap today.


The racial wealth gap: how corporations are helping (in a very specific way)

💵  Closing the gap 

__Potting soil, pot...__ Same thing, right? __[Scotts Miracle-Gro](https://robinhood.com/stocks/SMG)__ has a green thumb in more ways than one. You might know Scotts for its gardening and lawn care products. But Scotts is also *kind of* a cannabis company: its hydroponic systems help "specialty crops" grow indoors with special lighting and no soil. Shocker: weed growers love it. Scotts made both sides greener last quarter:

- __Lawn and garden sales__ soared 147% from 2019, as Scotts rode the House Hype trend. Stir-crazy hours bring May flowers: we stocked up on soil food to level up our lawns. 
- __Hydroponics sales__ jumped 71% as more US states legalized recreational pot and a Dem-controlled government appeared more likely.
- __Scotts total sales__ more than doubled from 2019, and it posted a first quarter profit for the first time. Now it's even doing a Super Bowl [ad](https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/03/scotts-miracle-gros-super-bowl-ad-aimed-at-boosting-covid-growth-ceo.html) (fitting).

__Every rose has its Hawthorne...__ A few years ago, Scotts decided it wanted a piece of the pot market (minus the pot). So it bought up 50 hydroponics-related brands, which now make up its Hawthorne division. Last quarter's growth was primarily driven by the lawn/garden segment, which makes up more than half of Scotts' total sales. But Hawthorne makes up the rest, and it's quickly catching up.

_Scotts' suburban alter ego_

__Investors are optimistic about federal legalization...__ of pot.  The Democrat-controlled Congress and White House support decriminalizing cannabis at the federal level. Just this week, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer unveiled a [plan](https://www.finance.senate.gov/ranking-members-news/-booker-wyden-schumer-joint-statement-on-cannabis-reform-legislation) to end the federal marijuana prohibition, arguing it's good for racial justice. Meanwhile, more states are legalizing recreational use. That's partly why Scotts' stock has nearly 2X'd over the past year. Also: the Global X Cannabis ETF, which tracks a number of pot stocks, is up 75% this year.

Scotts Miracle-Gro won 2020 thanks to lawns, but it could win 2021 thanks to pot

__Hit 'em with the read receipts...__ Dating legend __[Match Group](https://robinhood.com/stocks/MTCH)__ owns Tinder, Hinge, OkCupid, and 20+ other e-romance businesses. As you spent #romantic nights in bed swiping, Match's full-year sales jumped an expectation-topping 17% (think: Tinder Gold subscriptions). But investors weren't swooning over Match's underwhelming forecast for 2021: the stock plunged 8% yesterday.

__Love knows no borders...__ neither does Match's business interests. Match makes more $$$ internationally than it does in North America — and international users are growing *faster*. In Japan, Match’s second-highest grossing market after the US, sales have soared *600%* over the last five years. Now Match owns the top two dating apps in Japan: Tinder and.... the opposite of Tinder.

- __Pairs Engage:__ Match's concierge app designed to help Japanese singles marry *within a year*. The app [suggests](https://www.insider.com/match-group-tinder-target-japanese-marriage-market-pairs-engage-2019-8) 30 potential husbands/wives each month. You get 90 days to decide if you want to exclusively date (no pressure).
- Pairs is trying to disrupt Japan's arranged-marriage industry, by offering a faster/cheaper way to get hitched. 


Date

__Match is a dating *lab*...__ more than a dating company. It dominates online dating because of this (self-proclaimed) differentiator: an "ability to deploy learnings from across our portfolio" in new businesses. Match tests new concepts and strategies through different apps, then applies its learnings to its dozens of services. Think: monetization, video dating, and safety tools. It used strategies from Tinder to scale up Hinge post-acquisition. And it'll likely use learnings from Pairs to expand to other countries with arranged-marriage industries. Its soon-to-be public rival __Bumble__ doesn't have that same breadth (yet).


The key to Match’s international dominance: being a dating incubator

🌱  Scotts Miracle (cannabis) Gro

__OG Wall Street...__ Yesterday, the __[New York Stock Exchange](https://learn.robinhood.com/articles/3cW2mgcDTwF81JifSt7FE2/what-is-the-new-york-stock-exchange-nyse/)__ temporarily [halted](https://www.nyse.com/trade-halt-historical) trading on __[GameStop](https://robinhood.com/stocks/GME)__ (five times) and __[Koss](https://robinhood.com/stocks/KOSS)__ (twice). Investors across brokerages couldn't buy or sell those stocks for around five minutes (each time). The 230-year-old NYSE is one of the two major stock exchanges in the US, along with the much younger __[Nasdaq](https://learn.robinhood.com/articles/1GXPrecRfkSNp0aBblBSsL/what-is-the-nasdaq/)__. 

- __Despite the halts,__ GameStop shares plunged 60% yesterday, and Koss dropped 43%. These companies have been in the limelight, but the NYSE actually [halts](https://www.nyse.com/trade-halt-historical) trading on individual stocks nearly every day.
- __BTW:__ Exchange halts are different from trading [restrictions](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/6pNdbb4xNa0DbChfYCxGqu/articles/3U8pYt6jL0C3FVRER3UqLx/) by brokerages, which can also pause trading of certain securities. Viral stocks like GME are still being restricted by some brokerages.

__Why so halty?...__ There are three major reasons that exchanges press "Ctrl + halt + F" on trading. 

- __Stock swings:__ Sudden price swings can trigger halts for single stocks, *or for the entire market*. In March 2020, we had the first [market-wide](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/2yAve6xSRhLRA5umV930FV/articles/3PL2Qe5HrbEXk0n7Yh7b18/) trading halt since 1997. "Circuit breakers" kick in when the __[S&P 500](https://learn.robinhood.com/articles/7kFFEUv46vmMCmMfLuNiRX/what-is-the-s-and-p-500/)__ plunges a certain percentage from the previous day. Depending on how bad it is, trading can be paused for 15 minutes or the entire day. GME and KOSS were halted yesterday because they quickly moved outside their "[price bands](https://www.nasdaqtrader.com/content/MarketRegulation/LULD_FAQ.pdf)."
- __News event:__ Exchanges also halt single-stock trading in anticipation of major announcements (like a scandal or merger). That prevents insiders from trading on privileged info before everyone else finds out.
- __Regulatory reasons:__ The SEC can make exchanges suspend trading of a stock if they suspect something fishy — think: __Luckin Coffee__ accounting fraud.


Halt

__Trading halts are there to protect investors...__ They act as a check on impulsive emotional reactions. Selloffs can result in panic, which can cause a cascade effect that could lead to a stock (or the entire market) crashing. Since new circuit breaker guidelines were implemented in 2013, the market hasn't plunged more than 13% in a day — a hopeful sign of halts' effectiveness. Halts also level the playing field between reactive investors and those who aren't up to date on the news. They can prevent insider trading and other illegal transactions at the expense of other investors.

The NYSE halts trading on some meme stocks — so we're breaking down trading halts

__Way too lit for a Tuesday...__ __[Amazon](https://robinhood.com/stocks/AMZN)__ dropped two major bombshells in its 2020 fourth quarter earnings yesterday. First, the numbers: the Zon brought in a record-smashing $125.6B in sales, up from $87.4B in the same quarter of 2019. That's even more than __[Apple](https://robinhood.com/stocks/AAPL)__ (aka: the most valuable company on Earth) did in sales last quarter. Profit more than doubled from a year earlier to $7.2B (smaller than Apple's — *but still massive*).

__*The bigger story*...__ While Amazon's numbers are eye-popping, we're not shocked that Earth's biggest online retailer had a blowout holiday quarter... during a deadly pandemic. The real surprise: *Jeff Bezos is stepping down as CEO*. 

- __C.E.Out:__ This year, AWS CEO Andy Jassy will be taking Bezos' place as Amazon's leader. Bezos will become exec chairman, focusing on “new products and early initiatives" — like his space baby __Blue Origin__ and *The Washington Post*.
- __Part hero:__ In his 27 years leading Amazon, Bezos revolutionized the way we shop, made convenience a standard, and created jobs for [1M+](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/10/29/amazon-hiring-pandemic-holidays/) people. 
- __Part villain:__ Thanks to him, purchasing with the click of a button is a lifestyle. But that has also hurt Main Street, killing brick-and-mortar mom & pop shops who can't compete.

_The king of ecommerce yields his throne_

__"A yawn is the greatest compliment"...__ that an inventor can receive. That was Bezos' mic drop blurb post-announcement. From 1-Click ordering, to two-day shipping — 20 years ago, we couldn't have imagined these being a norm for us. Bezos’ point: if you do innovation right, *then the extraordinary becomes the ordinary*. Investors also yawned at Bezos leaving, with the stock barely budging after-hours. It's a vote of confidence that the empire he built is strong enough to stand without him front-and-center.

Bezos steps down after Amazon's biggest quarter in history 

📦  Bezos is out 

__Don't knock the disposable earbuds...__ __[American Airlines](https://robinhood.com/stocks/AAL)__ has two major things *not* going for it. One: it's an airline during a deadly pandemic. Two: it lost a record $8.9B last year, and [doesn't](https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/28/american-airlines-aal-and-southwest-luv-results-q4-2020.html) expect a rebound any time soon. That's partly why American has been the most-shorted US airline. Coincidentally (but not at all), American stock soared 17% from Monday to Thursday. And that's likely partly thanks to Reddit.

- __Many meme stocks__ celebrated on the r/wallstreetbets subreddit are heavily-shorted companies that hedge funds are betting *against.* Like: __GameStop__ and __Bed Bath & Beyond__.
- __Individual investors__ are participating in mass meme stock buying campaigns. It’s part experiment, part profit-seeking, and part rebellion – a chance to “get back” at Wall Street insiders, who Main Street still resents for the wreckage of the '08 financial crisis. 

__The DL on short sells...__ So how exactly are they "getting back" at Wall Street? It all goes back to [short selling](https://learn.robinhood.com/articles/the-long-and-short-of-trading/): Basically, some professional investors borrow shares of a company whose stock they think will fall. Then they sell those shares, hoping to buy them back later at a lower price and return them to the broker. If the shares fall, their profit = the difference between the price when they sold the shares and the price when they bought them back (minus interest on the loaned stock, and any transaction costs).

- __By piling into shorted stocks,__ small investors were able to drive *up* share prices, causing some hedge funds to lose [billions](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jan/27/gamestop-stocks-us-hedge-fund-pulls-out-after-heavy-losses). Some funds bought back shares to avoid even *more* losses, which drove up prices even more.
- __Shorting is risky__ because the loss potential is theoretically unlimited, since the shorted stock could keep rising. Meanwhile, the gain potential is limited to what the shorter sold the shares for (because in the "best" case scenario, they can fall to $0).
- __Buying a stock is the opposite.__ The most you can lose is the money you invested, while your potential gain is theoretically unlimited. But short selling has some positives: for example, it can expose overvalued stocks.


Short

__Retail investors turned the tables...__ on professional investors like hedge funds. Like Matt Damon in *Good Will Hunting* standing up to the snooty Harvard student, retail investors said: "*How do you like them shorts?*” It’s not clear how much we’ll see this trend in the future. And it’s possible that professionals are getting in on the Reddit buying, too. After last week, it's likely that hedge funds will reevaluate their positions in heavily shorted stocks.


Hedge funds shorted American Airlines stock — then Reddit "shorted" hedge funds

__The Bank of Nook gets paid...__ __[Nintendo](https://robinhood.com/stocks/NTDOY)__ just dropped its [best](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-01/nintendo-beats-estimates-after-another-strong-holiday-quarter?sref=q3KSFp38) quarterly earnings in 13 years. The 131-year-old gaming legend brought in an expectation-crushing $2.2B in profit last quarter, and raised its annual forecast for the second time (#MarioFlex). Nintendo shares jumped 7% on the holiday Switch-mania:

- __Nintendo sold a record 11.6M consoles__ last quarter, even though Switch has been out for nearly five years. Sales jumped 7% from a year earlier. 
- __Now it's expecting full-year sales of 26.5M units__. But some analysts are saying that's modest, since it has already sold more than 24M Switches.

__Sweats. Mask. Switch...__ In 2020, the Switch wasn't just a gaming console... *it was a lifestyle product*. There were three strong winds at Nintendo's back positioning it for a blowout year:

- __Animal Crossing__: New Horizons. The long-awaited blockbuster title was an instant hit that boosted both hardware *and* software sales.
- __Perfect timing:__ New Horizons dropped in March 2020, right when pandemic lockdowns hit. The virtual island game filled with (*very*) colorful animals was a perfect escape.
- __Competitive edge:__ While __Sony__'s PlayStation 5 and __Microsoft__'s Xbox faced production/logistics setbacks that limited sales, Nintendo was able to deliver on demand.


_Nintendo pulling a Disney_

Nook

__Nintendo should pull a Disney...__ because it might have just hit peak console (Switch saturation is real). That's why Nintendo wants to monetize its characters *outside* of hardware/software. __Disney__ is a master at this: it makes money off its characters in movies, sequels, and spin-offs — *but also through theme parks, cruises, toys, and merch* (Elsa-themed everything). Nintendo could benefit from a similarly self-reinforcing ecosystem. Unlike other major console-makers, it designs most of its own games ([85%](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nintendo-results/after-the-triumph-of-animal-crossing-a-thin-pipeline-for-nintendo-idUSKBN22J0UG) of them). Nintendo could cash in on that precious IP in a number of ways, including the upcoming Super Nintendo World theme park in Japan.


Nintendo has its best quarter since 2008, but it needs to be more like Disney

✈️ Airline shorts

__ICYMI...__ But that's unlikely. On Friday, we [covered](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/HQks7GDlIhzjFEeDazdjv/articles/6F9OH2iygvuocDMQEvXmN1/) how social-fueled stock surges have thrown the market into uncharted territory. Last week, underdog “meme” stocks like __GameStop__, __AMC__, and __Nokia__ skyrocketed, thanks to Reddit-inspired buying campaigns. From Wednesday through Friday, multiple brokerages limited — and in some cases, paused — the buying frenzy.

- __Robinhood, E-Trade, Webull,__ and others temporarily restricted certain trading activity in symbols like GME. Disclosure: Robinhood Snacks is owned by... Robinhood.
- __Some brokerages__ raised margin requirements for those stocks to mitigate risk. Margin = the percentage of the purchase investors need to fund themselves (rather than borrow).
- __Unsurprisingly,__ the price of those restricted shares dropped. Some investors were angry, shocked, and confused. *And retail investing dominated the social conversation like never before*.

__Demystify the jargon...__ Brokers cited financial and regulatory reasons for these moves. Here’s what actually happens when you place a trade, and some of the requirements brokerages face (for a Robinhood-specific explainer, check out Robinhood’s [blog](https://blog.robinhood.com/news/2021/1/29/what-happened-this-week)):

- __When you buy a coffee__ with your card, you see the transaction on your account right away. But Starbucks still hasn’t received your $$$ — it can take a few days to move. Similarly...
- __When you buy a stock,__ you may see the transaction immediately. But you actually pay and get the shares two days *after* you buy. That’s because...
- __All transactions have to go through "settlement"__ to make sure that sellers actually get paid, and buyers receive securities. AKA: to ensure everyone involved can really deliver.
- __Clearinghouses,__ which are regulated by the SEC, ultimately ensure that trades get settled. Brokers often need to deposit cash to meet day-to-day collateral requirements with clearing firms, in order to back customer trades. 
- __When buying becomes concentrated__ in a handful of volatile stocks, risk increases for everyone involved. So clearinghouses can ask firms for *more* cash deposits, to mitigate risk to the system. 
- __Those deposit requirements__ for brokers can dramatically jump based on how many risky/volatile stocks customers are buying. Wild stat: industry-wide collateral requirements reportedly rose to $33.5B on Thursday, from $26B on Wednesday.


Trade

__Last week surprised nearly everyone...__ because it was unprecedented. Mass “meme stock” buying campaigns significantly increased collateral deposit requirements on those stocks, which led to industry-wide trading restrictions... on those stocks. And retail investing reached a new level of social relevance. As the “mainstreamification” of investing continues, the “plumbing” powering the system will become more and more relevant to individual investors, too. 

The “mainstreamification” of investing spotlights the plumbing behind markets 

__You used to call me on my iPhone (12)....__ __Apple__ crossed the $100B quarterly sales mark for the first time, bringing in a ginormous [$111B](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/31odJOl6c3lLq4SuSoWt9z/articles/C5C8LDQhP2gXM5lLjxA33/) last quarter. That's nearly 3X __Facebook__ and __Tesla__'s quarterly sales *combined*. The most valuable company on Earth made $28.8B in profit, one of the largest quarterly profits for any company (ever). Every product category saw double-digit sales growth. iPhone sales, which make up over half of the Fruit's total sales, soared 18% after two years of declines. The 5G-enabled 12 inspired a wave of fresh upgrades.

__Still goin' ad on you, anyway...__ Despite all the regulatory and public scrutiny, __Facebook__ posted an expectation-beating $28B in sales last quarter, proving that advertising is alive and well. Ad sales soared 31% from a year earlier, making up 97% of FB's total sales. Monthly users across apps jumped to 3.3B (aka: nearly half of all humans). But Apple [ruined](https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/27/facebook-fb-earnings-q4-2020.html) some of the earnings fun (claaassic): privacy changes to iOS 14 could hurt FB's precious ad-targeting abilities.


Highs

Who's up

__Max loss...__ __Boeing__ shares fell 6% for the week, after the plane-maker [posted](https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/27/boeing-ba-q4-2020-earnings.html) a record loss of nearly $12B last year. Refresher: Boeing's 737 Max jets were grounded for nearly two years following two fatal crashes. For basically all of 2020, they were sitting in parking lots burning cash. Meanwhile, the pandemic sapped demand for Boeing's other jets, too —  *especially* its newest plane, the 777X, which is meant for long-haul flights. It was supposed to roll out this year — now Boeing doesn't expect it'll debut until 2023 (read: *expensive* delay).

__A sweet cream Cold Brew...__ to ease the pain. __Starbucks__ shares dropped 7% last week, after the caffeinated legend [revealed](https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/26/starbucks-sbux-q1-2021-earnings.html) that dining restrictions hurt its biz (shocker). While you were whipping up Keurig cups and instant coffee at home, Starbs' sales fell a worse-than-expected 5% last quarter — and profit plunged 30% from a year earlier. Despite that, Starbucks' mobile-order game was strong: app orders increased nearly 50% since the start of the pandemic. 

Lows

Who's down...

"_It's not you, it's iOS 14"_

💵 The money pipes

__Quick recap...__ Over the past few weeks, some “underdog” stocks have seen meteoric rises thanks to mass buying [campaigns](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/31odJOl6c3lLq4SuSoWt9z/articles/5ZO850evnEJXwTwEDdxKTk/) stoked through social media (mainly Reddit, via the subreddit r/wallstreetbets). Example: from January 11th to January 27th, __[GameStop](https://robinhood.com/stocks/GME)__ shares surged 1,600%, and __[AMC](https://robinhood.com/stocks/AMC)__ stock soared 800%. __[Nokia](https://robinhood.com/stocks/NOK)__, __[BlackBerry](https://robinhood.com/stocks/BB)__, __[Tootsie Roll](https://robinhood.com/stocks/TR)__, and others also skyrocketed on the unprecedented social momentum.

- __On Wednesday,__ the New York Stock Exchange temporarily paused trading of GameStop, BlackBerry, and AMC, citing volatility.
- __Also Wednesday:__ Schwab’s __TD Ameritrade__ limited certain transactions of some high-flying stocks. But the stocks still finished the day up significantly.

__And then, yesterday happened...__ Some brokerages, including __Robinhood__, __E-Trade__, and __Webull__, temporarily [restricted](https://www.wsj.com/articles/online-brokerages-restrict-trading-on-gamestop-amc-amid-frenetic-trading-11611849934) certain trading activity in symbols like GME. Investors of the restricted companies were only allowed to hold or sell shares (not buy more). Meanwhile, some brokers increased margin requirements (the percentage of the purchase investors need to fund themselves rather than borrow). Then...

- __The stocks that were paused plunged.__ GameStop fell 44% yesterday, while AMC dropped 57%. Brokers cited financial and regulatory reasons for these moves. Some investors lost money, and many were angry (disclosure: Robinhood, which owns Robinhood Snacks, made a [public statement](https://blog.robinhood.com/)).
- __TLDR:__ Brokerages need to meet certain regulatory net capital and clearinghouse deposit requirements to remain compliant and ensure that trades go through properly. These requirements can rise as certain stocks become more volatile/risky.


Market

__This is an unprecedented moment in the market...__ From the rise of commission-free retail investing, to the surge of social-driven buying campaigns targeting hedge funds, we're moving into new territory for how the stock market operates. There's still a lot we don't know about this new reality and how it’ll unfold – including if structures, rules, or regulations will change to adapt to it.


Social-fueled stock surges mean uncharted territory for the modern market

__Major gear shift...__ __[GM](https://robinhood.com/stocks/GM)__ is a 113-year-old company known for trucks built "like a rock." 98% of its sales and *100% of its profits* come from gas-powered cars (it’s still in the money-losing phase of EVs). Large pickup trucks and SUVs are some of GM's biggest profit puppies (and biggest gas-guzzlers).

- __Over the past few years,__ GM has been shifting gears. In November, GM said it would spend $27B on electric and autonomous vehicles by 2025.
- __This month,__ GM [unveiled](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/3W8LX1jIAswA4HFNTbvVHO/articles/vdFCNmlM6aWPfSxbASbFe/) its futuristic electric delivery solution, complete with electric pallets and a fresh fleet of e-vans. 
- __*Yesterday*:__ GM went all in, [setting](https://www.wsj.com/articles/gm-sets-2035-target-to-phase-out-gas-and-diesel-powered-vehicles-globally-11611850343?mod=breakingnews) an ambitious 2035 target for phasing out gas and diesel-powered vehicles from its global lineup.

__Sounds familiar...__ GM is America's largest car maker (by sales — sorry, Tesla). It's also one of the first major automakers to slap a timeline on transitioning to full-electric. But GM isn't doing this in a vaccuum: Major governments — from CA, to Japan, to the UK — have said they'll start to ban the sale of new gas-powered vehicles in the 2030s. Meanwhile, Biden has pledged $2T to clean energy innovation, with the goal of a carbon-free power sector by... 2035.


_GM pulls a Netflix_

Electrify

__GM’s pulling a Netflix...__ and burning its boats. 100% of __[Netflix](https://robinhood.com/stocks/NFLX)__'s sales pre-2007 were from *DVDs*. Then CEO Reed Hastings moved the entire DVD team to a separate part of the building, and went all-in on streaming. In order to disrupt itself before Tesla does, GM  can't just sprinkle change into its corporate plan — it needs to burn its entire biz model.

General Motors is pulling a Netflix (but instead of ditching DVDs, it's ditching gas)

🗺  Uncharted territory 

__2003 Nokia camera phone...__ Now that's nostalgic. Yesterday, we [covered](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/6jwYdiy4al8n5v0GOdIik/articles/3BaPiKzHQyiMoyxvpIyqNG/) __[GameStop](https://robinhood.com/stocks/GME)__'s "cyberbulling" stock surge. Cyberbulling: when people who are "bullish" on a stock stoke massive buying campaigns of that stock on social media (especially: Reddit, Discord, TikTok). One of the earliest cyberbulling episodes happened back in June, when bankruptcy-bound __Hertz__ saw its shares inexplicably [soar](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/1dxqpvdRnz5eITeoT8vbeN/articles/2GNeJtx802czcgsdR8Yfea/) 900%. But...

- __Cyberbulling has never been as prominent__ as it has been *this week*: While the broader market plunged yesterday, throwback stocks like GameStop, __[AMC](https://robinhood.com/stocks/AMC)__, __[Nokia](https://robinhood.com/stocks/NOK)__, and even __[Tootsie Roll](https://robinhood.com/stocks/TR)__, soared thanks to cyberbulls. 
- __This [headline](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nokia-shares-idUSKBN29W2H1) pretty much sums it up:__ "Nokia not aware of any reason for share surge." The stock popped 39% yesterday.
- __Cue the trading halts:__ Shares of GameStop, __[BlackBerry](https://robinhood.com/stocks/BB)__, and AMC were temporarily paused from trading by the NYSE because of their stocks' volatility. GameStop was halted *nine* times. 

__1M+ "degenerates"...__ One wild stat shows what an unprecedented week it was for cyberbulling. The number of subscribers (self-described "degenerates") to the r/wallstreetbets subreddit jumped from 2.4M on Tuesday to *3.9M* on Wednesday. But the group's Discord server was [banned](https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/27/22253251/discord-bans-the-r-wallstreetbets-server) yesterday (for allowing hate speech). A few factors driving the cyberbull surge:

- __“Little guy vs. big guy” mentality:__ Some cyberbulls feel they're shifting the power dynamic by betting *against* Wall Street — after feeling historically wronged by big shots like banks and hedge funds. Funds that were betting GameStock would *fall* — like __Melvin Capital__ and __Maplelane__ — [lost](https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jan/27/gamestop-stocks-us-hedge-fund-pulls-out-after-heavy-losses) billions after cyberbulls pumped up the stock.
- __Community:__ Cyberbulling is also fueled by a strong sense of (cyber) community. Like: people posting screenshots of gains, thanking the "community" for helping pay off student loans and hospital bills.

Trend

__Cyberbulls are dependent...__ on people continuing to buy a stock on (potentially baseless) momentum. Normally, there are quantitative factors people use to judge investments. For example, people who invest in [dividend](https://learn.robinhood.com/articles/6jGOO5O2YvyoZzlEUtIq0F/what-is-a-dividend/#:~:text=Definition%3A,paid%20quarterly%20and%20in%20cash.)-paying companies "rely" on those payouts. People who invest in cash-rich companies might expect share buybacks, which can increase the value of a stock. And people who invest in growing companies might expect the value of their shares to rise long-term. But cyberbull stocks risk crashing as soon as momentum stops.

The Rise of "Cyberbulling"  — what AMC and GameStop have in common

__Be humble, sit down...__ Yesterday, __[Tesla](https://robinhood.com/stocks/TSLA)__ reported a respectable $11B in sales for its fourth quarter. __[Facebook](https://robinhood.com/stocks/FB)__ followed up proudly with an expectation-beating $28B in sales. Then __[Apple](https://robinhood.com/stocks/AAPL)__ stomped in with...

- __*$111B in sales*:__ It's the first time Apple has crossed the $100B  mark for a single quarter. That's nearly 3X Facebook and Tesla's quarterly sales *combined*.
- __$28.8B in profit:__ Apple's mind-boggling quarterly profit is one of the [largest](https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2021/01/27/apples-biggest-quarter-ever-all-the-insane-numbers/?sh=59c1adcd46c9) in history for any company. Ever.

__All eyes on iPhone (12)...__ iPhone sales consistently make up over half of Apple's total sales, but they *fell* in 2019 and 2020. Last quarter, sales for every single product category jumped by double-digit percentage points. And the star of the quarter was (finally) iPhone.  

- __iPhone sales soared 18%__ to $66B, driven by the launch of iPhone 12 last fall. Apple's first 5G rectangle spurred a fresh wave of upgrades. 
- __Apple made $10B more from iPhone sales__ last quarter than it did in the first quarter of 2020. That $10B extra = more than total Mac sales last quarter. 
- __Honorable mentions:__ Services sales (think: App Store, Music) jumped 24% to nearly $16B, making it the 2nd highest-grossing category after iPhone.  


_Apple's $66B anchor_

__iPhone = a profit today + a *bonus* profit tomorrow...__ Apple is the most valuable company on Earth, in part thanks to its self-serving ecosystem. Last quarter, iPhones accounted for 58% of Apple's total sales. But each iPhone anchors users into Club Apple's connected world. iPhone sales drive growth for other products, from AirPods to Apple Books. With the recent [launch](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/1Y9lIHuvuotRAaGBx13qHH/articles/5EXUwgniIcrgHGoPpU0qe4/) of the "Apple One" subscription, Apple might soon have us more locked in than ever. 

Apple's biggest quarter ever: iPhone is the star, but also the anchor

🍿 The big "cyberbull" surge: unpacked

__GameStop stock pop...__ Hard to say 5X fast, but even harder to explain. ICYMI: __[GameStop](https://robinhood.com/stocks/GME)__ stock has been on a tear (yes, the same GameStop that you visited at the mall 15 years ago). Shares have surged over 1,000% since December, and nearly *doubled* in value just yesterday. And it's probably not driven by the fundamentals — aka: financial info like sales growth that you see in earnings. 

- __The glory days:__ From August 2009 to October 2010, GameStop pulled in nearly ~$6B in sales and $170M in profit. 
- __The present days:__ From August 2019 to October 2020, GameStop saw less than $3B in sales and *lost* nearly $300M.
- __The TLDR:__ A money-losing video game company with 5K physical stores is surging... during a deadly pandemic when we're downloading games *online*. 

__Why...__ The momentum started around the time that former Chewy CEO Ryan Cohen (and two of his Chewy pals) announced they were joining GameStop's board. Their ecommerce expertise *could* help make GameStop less mall-retailer, more digital shop. But the surge goes way beyond that...

- __"Cyberbulling":__ Being “bullish” on a stock = thinking it'll go up. Some "cyberbulls" on Reddit sparked massive GameStop buying campaigns. That drove up the price of shares, as well as [call options](https://learn.robinhood.com/articles/4APVNaWcRdAL6i5hWAPOTe/what-is-a-call/) — which give buyers the right to purchase stock at a set price up until a certain date.
- __Short squeezing:__ "Short" sellers, people who borrow stock betting it'll fall, started buying GameStop shares back sooner to reduce more losses as the stock soared.
- __Hedging:__ Institutional investors *also* started nabbing shares to hedge against the call options people were buying.


Stop

__Cyberbulling is based on momentum...__ And while all investing carries risk, investments driven by cyberbulling can be dangerous. People riding the community-driven momentum could make significant gains, but as soon as the surge ends their investments could plunge very quickly. And unless the companies being "cyberbulled" eventually show strong fundamentals, it's likely that their shares will fall back down to earth.

GameStop's insane stock surge, and the rise of "cyberbulling"

__"Tortoise and the Hare" vibes...__ In the race for a Covid-19 vaccine, there are two winners (so far). First came __[Pfizer](https://robinhood.com/stocks/PFE)__ and __[BioNTech](https://robinhood.com/stocks/BNTX)__'s vaccine: the first to gain emergency use authorization in the US — *and* the first [mRNA](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/5gdq4YMCKXJLFy9oXr6lUV/articles/0CzIbmfTQ6Qo8bhIShm43/) vaccine ever green-lit for human use. Four days later, __[Moderna](https://robinhood.com/stocks/MRNA)__'s mRNA vax crossed the authorization finish line. __[Johnson & Johnson](https://robinhood.com/stocks/JNJ)__ lagged behind, still in trials with its OG vaccine (read: not mRNA). But that could change...

- __News:__ J&J expects to share final vax testing results by *next week*. This 45K-person trial is key to getting authorized (or not). J&J is optimistic.
- __Bigger News:__ J&J plans to deliver 100M doses in the US by the end of June if its vaccine gets the FDA's green light. 

__Slow and steady wins the race?...__ If J&J's vax moves forward, it could have an outsize impact on the overall US rollout — which (so far) has been  [slow](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/1uipNZa2crLe1sn22U34Dz/articles/1VQPjuYmwD1HcxFXeZsOp9/). Just over [44M](https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations) doses have been distributed, and barely 1% of Americans have been fully vaccinated. Here's why J&J could speed things up: 

- __Single shot:__ Unlike Pfizer and Moderna's vaccines, which require two doses weeks apart, J&J's is just one shot. 100M of J&J's doses could vax 100M Americans — Moderna/Pfizer's can do *half* that. 
- __Less high-maintenance:__ Moderna/Pfizer's vaccines need to be kept at sub-zero temperatures in fancy containers, then thawed before usage (read: logistical headache). J&J's can be stored at fridge temp.

__The prize might not be financial...__ The J&J vaccine could be a game-changer for the world, but it probably won't be one for J&J's wallet (or its stock). Unlike Moderna and Pfizer, which are [selling](https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2021-01-04/pfizer-moderna-covid-vaccine-profits) their vaccines for profit, J&J has pledged to sell the vaccine "at cost" (no profit). Also: J&J is already a massive company that brought in ~$83B in sales and ~$15B in profit last year — a Covid vaccine might not make a huge difference. Meanwhile, it's Moderna's first (and only) product. That could be why Moderna's stock is up ~570% over the past year, while J&J's is up just 15%.

Johnson & Johnson's vaccine could be a game-changer — but not a profit puppy

_We're calling it "cyberbulling"_

🎮  GameStop "cyberbulling" 

__In Da Club(house)...__ you can find more than 50 Cent. Audio-based social network __Clubhouse__ just raised some fresh cash... *at a [reported](https://www.theinformation.com/articles/clubhouse-gets-investment-interest-at-1-billion-valuation) $1B valuation*. That's 10X its valuation in May, when the invite-only app [raised](https://snacks.robinhood.com/newsletters/7Fl0kcKPHzNEVEVwnee0Zp/articles/2nseO6Zlf8jIVZMzITmd6L/) $12M with just 1.5K users — now it has a whopping 2M (less #exclusive). How it works:

- __It's kind of like social podcasting.__ Clubhouse lets you spontaneously tune into topic-themed "rooms," where members openly discuss everything from race, to TikTok marketing, to Kanye West vs. Taylor Swift.
- __It's kind of filled with celebrities.__ But instead of just following a blue checkmark, you listen in on convos "moderated" by celebs. Like rapper 21 Savage, venture capitalist Marc Andreessen, and actress Tiffany Haddish — and if you're really lucky, Oprah. 

__Show me the money...__ Clubhouse doesn't make any (yet). But it might eventually, thanks to its hosts: in addition to [humble-flexing](https://www.joinclubhouse.com/welcoming-more-voices) its fundraise, Clubhouse also revealed plans to help creators get paid. Think: subscriptions, tipping, and ticket sales for exclusive talks. It's also using part of the funding to launch a Creator Grant Program, to support emerging hosts and entertainers. Later down the line, it could choose to take a cut of creators’ $$$ — or charge its own subscription.


_When the Clubhouse tea is hot_

__Exclusivity builds buzz, but quality builds loyalty...__ Cue the Fyre Festival memes. While hype-driven FOMO might drive downloads, people won't stay if the experience falls flat. Investment in creators is key — giving *them* a reason to stay gives everyone else a reason to stay. That's why: Facebook paid TikTok stars to post on Instagram Reels, TikTok created a $200M fund for creators, and now... Clubhouse is rolling out cash incentives for talent. 


 Clubhouse raises cash at a reported $1B valuation —  now it’s locking in audio influencers

__We're gonna need more pens...__ During his first week in office, President Biden has [signed](https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/25/politics/biden-executive-orders-day-six/index.html) a whopping 33 executive orders. The latest: an order that'll force the US government to buy more American-made products. TLDR: the order makes it harder for federal agencies to import goods and services from abroad.

- __$586B:__ How much the federal government [spent](https://www.wsj.com/articles/biden-to-sign-buy-american-order-for-government-procurement-11611568806?mod=business_lead_pos2) on procurement contracts in 2019. Think: tech, construction, healthcare supplies, and weapons.
- __~5%:__ How much of that was spent on *foreign* products (aka: not much). 

__But this is just *one* step...__ toward fulfilling Biden's “Buy American” campaign pledge: a $400B increase in government purchases of American-made goods and services. That includes more American PPE (think: gowns and masks) — which could benefit everyone from __[3M](https://robinhood.com/stocks/MMM)__ to smaller manufacturers like __Shawmut Corp__. But it also includes massive infrastructure investments (think: roads, bridges) — which could benefit __[Caterpillar](https://robinhood.com/stocks/CAT)__ and __[John Deere](https://robinhood.com/stocks/DE)__. 

- __Sound familiar?__ The idea behind Biden’s “Buy American” initiative is similar to former President Trump’s “America First” policy.
- __Trump slapped tariffs__ on $250B of Chinese goods in 2018, making them pricier to import. The "protectionist" goal: protect US businesses by nudging companies to... *buy American*.


__Expect “American-Made” to be a priority...__ for the next four years. Biden [said](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/02/biden-tells-nyt-columnist-he-wont-immediately-remove-trumps-tariffs-on-china.html) he's in no rush to remove Trump's China tariffs. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen promised to take on China's "abusive, unfair, and illegal practice" of undercutting US companies. While China's economy grew last year (partly thanks to exports), the US economy is shrinking — and ~10M+ Americans are still unemployed. That could spark more support in DC for "Buy American" proposals.


Biden signs on "Buy American" — what it could mean for companies & the economy

__I'm latching on to you...__ If Disclosure's 2012 [hit](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93ASUImTedo) made you feel some type of way, this 2021 SPAC will unlock all the feels. __Latch__ will be the first pure-play "lock stock" — it literally makes smart-locks for your door. 

- __Hardware:__ Latch's "access devices" are basically techy door handles that can be placed on any door, from your apartment to a hotel gym.
- __Software:__ Through Latch's app, you can unlock connected doors with your smartphone, Apple Watch, or by typing a door code (lame). 

__SPACial relationship...__ Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (aka: SPACs) go public for the sole purpose of one day acquiring a real company and taking it public via marriage. In this case, a SPAC called __[TS Innovation Acquisitions](https://robinhood.com/stocks/TSIA)__ (they always have ugh-worthy names) is snatching __Latch__. 

- __Latch gets__ to go public without a traditional (lengthier) IPO. Aaaand: it's [snagging](https://www.wsj.com/articles/smart-lock-maker-latch-to-use-tishman-speyer-spac-to-go-public-11611568803) $450M in cash at a $1.5B valuation. 
- __TS Innovation gets__  a promising tech company. While Latch is unprofitable, it forecasts sales will nearly 3X this year and hit $877M in 2025.

__The mobile-everything economy is here...__ From paying for coffee, to managing finances, to boarding planes, our phones are our passports for the modern world. The coronaconomy has made us even *more* comfortable with tapping for nearly everything — Latch wants that to include keys. So far, Latch’s products are in less than 1% of the 47M rental units in the US. But it couldn't have chosen a friendlier time to sell its contactless tech to hotels, gyms, and real-estate companies.

🚘 Tesla rides with Bitcoin

💵 Closing the gap

🌱 Scotts Miracle (cannabis) Gro

📦 Bezos is out

✈️ Airline shorts

💵 The money pipes

🗺 Uncharted territory

🍿 The big "cyberbull" surge: unpacked

🎮 GameStop "cyberbulling"

🎧 No crying in the Clubhouse